![]() ![]() Code 128 has 106 different printed characters having primarily three different meanings. Individually, every aspect has three bars and three spaces of varying widths. ![]() They form business semantics that identifies, capture, and share critical information about products, locations, assets, and more. These GS1 standards are to improve the efficiency, safety, and visibility of supply chains across physical and digital channels in various sectors. GS1-128 is formerly known as UCC/EAN-128. Such barcodes include FNC1 characters, application identifiers, check digits and extra spaces, and parentheses in the human-readable interpretation characters. The name shows that Code 128 barcodes conform to the GS1 standards. It is for this reason this barcode type is called code 128. The barcode type could encode all the 128 ASCII characters. Ted Williams is credited with the invention.Ĭomputer Identics, in the year 1981, designed a barcode type denser than previously used code 39.
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![]() ![]() The main objective of most attackers is to make money. Read more about this so-called session fixation later. Instead of stealing a cookie unknown to the attacker, they fix a user's session identifier (in the cookie) known to them. Many cross-site scripting (XSS) exploits aim at obtaining the user's cookie. Provide the user with a log-out button in the web application, and make it prominent. So if the last user didn't log out of a web application, you would be able to use it as this user. Most people don't clear out the cookies after working at a public terminal. In Rails 3.1 and later, this could be accomplished by always forcing SSL connection in your application config file: For the web application builder this means to provide a secure connection over SSL. In an unencrypted wireless LAN, it is especially easy to listen to the traffic of all connected clients. A wireless LAN can be an example of such a network. Here are some ways to hijack a session, and their countermeasures: Anyone who seizes a cookie from someone else, may use the web application as this user - with possibly severe consequences. Hence, the cookie serves as temporary authentication for the web application. The session ID in the cookie identifies the session. On every request the application will load the user, identified by the user id in the session, without the need for new authentication. Many web applications have an authentication system: a user provides a username and password, the web application checks them and stores the corresponding user id in the session hash. ![]() Stealing a user's session ID lets an attacker use the web application in the victim's name. This chapter describes some particular attacks related to sessions, and security measures to protect your session data. It is done manually because that's how you find the nasty logical security problems. To keep up to date subscribe to security mailing lists, read security blogs, and make updating and security checks a habit (check the Additional Resources chapter). In order to develop secure web applications you have to keep up to date on all layers and know your enemies. In order to prevent attacks, minimize their impact and remove points of attack, first of all, you have to fully understand the attack methods in order to find the correct countermeasures. Or an attacker might be able to install a Trojan horse program or unsolicited e-mail sending software, aim at financial enrichment, or cause brand name damage by modifying company resources. The threats against web applications include user account hijacking, bypass of access control, reading or modifying sensitive data, or presenting fraudulent content. This is because web applications are relatively easy to attack, as they are simple to understand and manipulate, even by the lay person. The Gartner Group, however, estimates that 75% of attacks are at the web application layer, and found out "that out of 300 audited sites, 97% are vulnerable to attack". ![]() And it depends on all layers of a web application environment: The back-end storage, the web server, and the web application itself (and possibly other layers or applications). Security depends on the people using the framework, and sometimes on the development method. In general there is no such thing as plug-n-play security. Ruby on Rails has some clever helper methods, for example against SQL injection, so that this is hardly a problem. In fact one framework is not more secure than another: If you use it correctly, you will be able to build secure apps with many frameworks. Some of them also help you with securing the web application. Web application frameworks are made to help developers build web applications. |
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